Urban issues and challenges

• Urbanisation is an increase in the percentage of a country's people living in urban areas. A megacity has 10 million or more people.
• People move to cities because of push factors from the countryside, such as few services, and pull factors to the city, such as jobs, schools and hospitals. Cities also grow by natural increase, when there are more births than deaths.
• For an LIC or NEE city you need a case study (such as Lagos, Rio de Janeiro or Mumbai): why it grew, its importance, opportunities (social means access to services, economic means jobs) and challenges such as squatter settlements. You also need an example of planning to help the urban poor.
• For a UK city case study you need migration, opportunities and challenges (including derelict land and the rural-urban fringe), and a regeneration project.
• Sustainable urban living needs social, economic and environmental thinking, for example water and energy conservation, green space and better transport.

Urbanisation

A rise in the share of a country's people who live in urban areas.

Push factor

A negative of the home area that makes people want to leave.

Pull factor

An attraction of the city that draws people in.

Megacity

A city with 10 million or more people.

Regeneration

Investment to improve an area that has declined.

Derelict

Abandoned and left unused, such as an old factory.

• Defining urbanisation as one city getting bigger. It is a rise in the percentage living in urban areas.
• Mixing up push and pull. Better-paid jobs in the city are a pull factor. Few services in the village are a push factor.
• Writing pollution on its own as an environmental challenge. Say which kind and its cause, such as air pollution from traffic.

6 questions, 12 marks. Answer, then press Check. The marking guide explains how the marks are worked out. Nothing is saved.