OCR GCSE (9-1) Geography A: Geographical Themes (J383) · Spec 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2.3
Development, aid and uneven development
Read the notes, then try the questions. Each one is marked the moment you press Check, and shows the right answer and why.
Key ideas
- Development means more than money. It covers economic, social and environmental things. Sustainable development meets today's needs without harming future generations.
- GNI per head is the average income per person. It is easy to compare but hides inequality. HDI combines life expectancy, education and income into a score between 0 and 1.
- OCR uses the IMF groups: AC (advanced country), EDC (emerging and developing country) and LIDC (low-income developing country). Use these labels, not developed or developing.
- Causes of uneven development include colonial history, unfair terms of trade, reliance on primary products, physical factors such as being landlocked, conflict and debt.
- Aid can be bilateral, multilateral or from NGOs, and short-term or long-term. It can help with water, schools and health. It can also cause dependency, corruption or debt.
- Rostow's model has five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity and age of high mass consumption. It is based on Western history and assumes one path.
- Your case study is one LIDC or EDC. Say which tier it is, and show how trade, investment, jobs, education and technology link together.
Key terms
- GNI per head
- The total income of a country divided by the number of people.
- HDI
- Human Development Index, a score from 0 to 1 combining life expectancy, education and income.
- Infant mortality rate
- The number of deaths of babies under one year old per 1,000 live births.
- Bilateral aid
- Aid given from one government directly to another.
- Multilateral aid
- Aid pooled from many countries and given through an organisation.
- Employment structure
- The share of workers in primary, secondary and tertiary jobs.
- TNC
- Transnational corporation, a company that operates in several countries.
Common mistakes
- Saying the HDI is made from birth rate, death rate and internet users. It uses life expectancy, education and income.
- Treating trade and aid as the same thing. Trade is buying and selling. Aid is help given.
- Writing about several aid projects. Only the first valid project is marked, and a TNC investment is not aid.
- Saying what the HDI is made of when asked for an advantage. An advantage is a quality, such as that it joins economic and social measures.
Exam tip
On a 3-mark 'state which and justify' question, one mark is for choosing the right country and two are for the justification. Use a figure from the data and add a reason, such as high birth rates or little access to healthcare. Quoting a number with no comment earns just one mark.
Free practice questions
7 questions, 16 marks. Answer, then press Check. The marking guide explains how the marks are worked out. Nothing is saved.
- Question 1 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used to measure development. Which of these is the best description of what the HDI combines?
- Question 2 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
Which is a limitation of using GNI per head as a measure of development?
- Question 3 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
Which is a historical cause of uneven development?
- Question 4 · Matching[4 marks]
Match each type of aid to its meaning.
- Question 5 · Fill the gaps[2 marks]
___ loans help people start small businesses, while debt ___ cancels money a country already owes.
Word bank: relief · Tourism · Microfinance
- Question 6 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
In Rostow's modernisation theory, which stage comes last?
- Question 7 · Sort into groups[6 marks]
Sort each cause of uneven development into the correct group.
Unfair terms of trade for raw materials
Disease such as malaria
Borders drawn by colonial powers
The slave trade
Low investment in factories and skills
Drought-prone tropical climate