OCR GCSE (9-1) Geography B: Geography for Enquiring Minds (J384) · Spec 6.1a, 6.1b, 6.2a, 6.2b and 6.2c
Dynamic Development
Read the notes, then try the questions. Each one is marked the moment you press Check, and shows the right answer and why.
Key ideas
- Development is an improvement in people's standard of living and quality of life. It can be measured with economic indicators such as GNI per head and social indicators such as life expectancy and infant mortality.
- OCR uses the IMF's country groups: AC (advanced country), EDC (emerging and developing country) and LIDC (low income developing country). Do not write 'developed' or 'developing' as the groups.
- Uneven development has physical causes (drought-prone climate, disease such as malaria), economic causes (unfair terms of trade, low investment) and historical causes (the slave trade, borders drawn by colonial powers).
- Consequences include gaps in health, such as life expectancy, and people migrating to richer countries.
- For your one LIDC you need Rostow's model of stages of growth, development goals, trade, TNCs, aid, and one top-down and one bottom-up strategy.
- A TNC is a company that operates in several countries. It can bring jobs and investment, but profits may leave the host country.
- Bottom-up projects are chosen and run by local people, often with an NGO. Top-down projects are planned and funded by governments or large organisations, such as a big dam.
Key terms
- Development
- An improvement in people's standard of living and quality of life.
- Infant mortality rate
- Deaths of babies per 1,000 live births.
- TNC
- A transnational corporation: a company that operates in several countries.
- Microfinance
- Small loans to help people start a business.
- Debt relief
- Cancelling or reducing money a country owes.
- Long-term aid
- Help over many years, such as training teachers and building clinics.
Common mistakes
- Saying development just means a country changing or improving in any way.
- Saying uneven development means a country developing slowly.
- Using a country's population as a development indicator. It does not show standard of living.
- Quoting development statistics when the question is about Rostow's model. Link your country to the stages of the model.
- Saying every country passes through Rostow's stages in order, in a straight line.
- Saying trade, TNCs and aid are only good, or only bad, for an LIDC. Give both sides.
Exam tip
Q2 of Paper 2 has ended on the LIDC case-study 8-mark question in every series, so this is the one to prepare most. Use specific facts about your own LIDC: named projects, figures, dates. Make a judgement at the end ('to what extent', 'assess').
Free practice questions
7 questions, 17 marks. Answer, then press Check. The marking guide explains how the marks are worked out. Nothing is saved.
- Question 1 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
Which development indicator is measured in deaths per 1,000 live births?
- Question 2 · Matching[4 marks]
Match each strategy to how it works.
- Question 3 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
- Question 4 · Sort into groups[6 marks]
Sort each cause of uneven development into the correct group.
Unfair terms of trade for raw materials
Disease such as malaria
Borders drawn by colonial powers
The slave trade
Low investment in factories and skills
Drought-prone tropical climate
- Question 5 · Choose more than one[2 marks]
Which TWO are consequences of uneven development between countries?
Choose 2.
- Question 6 · Fill the gaps[2 marks]
___ loans help people start small businesses, while debt ___ cancels money a country already owes.
Word bank: relief · Tourism · Microfinance
- Question 7 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
Which description fits a bottom-up development project?