OCR GCSE (9-1) Geography B: Geography for Enquiring Minds (J384) · Spec 5.1a, 5.1b, 5.2a and 5.2b
Urban Futures
Read the notes, then try the questions. Each one is marked the moment you press Check, and shows the right answer and why.
Key ideas
- Urbanisation is a rise in the share of a country's people who live in towns and cities. A megacity has at least 10 million people.
- In LIDCs and EDCs, cities grow fast because of rural-urban migration. Push factors are negatives of the place people leave. Pull factors are attractions of the city. Natural increase (births higher than deaths) adds to growth.
- Fast growth brings opportunities (jobs in ports and factories, small businesses, schools and health care) and challenges (informal settlements, pressure on services, pollution).
- In ACs there are different trends: suburbanisation (moving from the inner city to the edge of the same city), counter-urbanisation (moving from a city out to the countryside or villages) and re-urbanisation (moving back into the inner city, for example to converted warehouses).
- Brownfield land has been built on before. Greenfield land has never been built on.
- You need one AC city and one LIDC or EDC city, each with a sustainability initiative. Learn ways of life, opportunities, challenges and the scheme itself.
Key terms
- Urbanisation
- A rise in the share of a country's people living in urban areas.
- Push factor
- A negative of the place people leave.
- Pull factor
- An attraction of the place people move to.
- Rural-urban migration
- Movement of people from the countryside to cities.
- Suburbanisation
- Movement from the inner city to the edge of the same city.
- Counter-urbanisation
- Movement from a city out to the countryside or villages.
- Brownfield site
- Land that has been built on before.
Common mistakes
- Mixing up push and pull. 'Better jobs in the city' is a pull factor.
- Writing one word such as 'jobs' or 'pollution' for a reasoned answer. Add what happens and why it matters.
- Saying suburbanisation is moving into the countryside. That is counter-urbanisation.
- Saying re-urbanisation is people leaving the inner city. It is people moving back in.
- Describing a slum in detail and then saying the rich live the opposite way. Cover the ways of life of different groups.
Exam tip
Q1 of Paper 2 ends on a city case-study 6. Use real place detail for each city: names of districts, schemes and figures you have learnt. For a push or pull answer, name the factor, then say how it affects the migrant.
Free practice questions
7 questions, 14 marks. Answer, then press Check. The marking guide explains how the marks are worked out. Nothing is saved.
- Question 1 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
What does the term urbanisation mean?
- Question 2 · Fill the gaps[2 marks]
A ___ factor is an attraction of a city that draws migrants in. Moving from the countryside to a city is called rural-urban ___.
Word bank: increase · pull · push · migration
- Question 3 · Matching[4 marks]
Match each migration term to its meaning.
- Question 4 · Choose more than one[2 marks]
Which TWO are economic opportunities created by urban growth?
Choose 2.
- Question 5 · Fill the gaps[2 marks]
Moves within the UK are ___ migration; moves from abroad are ___ migration.
Word bank: natural · national · international
- Question 6 · Fill the gaps[2 marks]
Previously built-on land is called ___ land; land that has never been built on is called ___ land.
Word bank: derelict · greenfield · brownfield
- Question 7 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
A family leaves a flat in the inner city and buys a house on a new estate at the edge of the same city. Which urban trend is this?