Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Physical Education (1PE0) · Spec C1 3.4.1, C1 3.4.2, C1 3.4.3 and C1 3.4.4
Long-term effects of training
Read the notes, then try the questions. Each one is marked the moment you press Check, and shows the right answer and why.
Key ideas
- Musculo-skeletal: muscle hypertrophy, stronger tendons and ligaments, and increased bone density from weight-bearing training.
- Cardiovascular: cardiac hypertrophy, a lower resting heart rate, a higher resting stroke volume, capillarisation, lower resting blood pressure and faster recovery. Resting cardiac output stays about the same.
- Respiratory: a stronger diaphragm and external intercostals, which can raise vital capacity.
- The body adapts during rest and recovery after sessions, not during the session itself.
Key terms
- Hypertrophy
- An increase in the size of a muscle.
- Cardiac hypertrophy
- The heart muscle gets bigger and stronger.
- Capillarisation
- More capillaries around the muscles, so oxygen is delivered faster.
- Bone density
- How packed the bone tissue is. Weight-bearing exercise raises it.
- Resting heart rate
- Heart rate when the body is at rest. It falls with aerobic training.
Common mistakes
- Saying resting stroke volume falls. With aerobic training it rises.
- Putting an adaptation in the wrong body system, such as a lower resting heart rate under respiratory.
- Saying a benefit without a consequence. Say what the adaptation lets the performer do.
Exam tip
Name the system, the adaptation and the benefit: 'Capillarisation, so oxygen reaches the muscles faster, so the runner can keep going for longer.' Do not repeat the same adaptation in different words.
Free practice questions
7 questions, 11 marks. Answer, then press Check. The marking guide explains how the marks are worked out. Nothing is saved.
- Question 1 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
Which is a long-term effect of weight-bearing training on bones?
- Question 2 · Multiple choice[1 mark]
A rower trains aerobically for six months. Which change happens to her resting values?
- Question 3 · True or false[1 mark]
True or false: resting stroke volume falls after aerobic training.
- Question 4 · Fill the gaps[1 mark]
Bigger, stronger heart muscle after training is called cardiac ___.
Word bank: hypertrophy · capillarisation · density
- Question 5 · Fill the gaps[1 mark]
Regular aerobic training lowers resting blood ___.
Word bank: pressure · sugar · volume
- Question 6 · Matching[3 marks]
Match each resting measure to its change after aerobic training.
- Question 7 · Matching[3 marks]
Match each body system to one of its adaptations.